New derivatives of pyrano[3,2-c]pyridones III 5, 10, 15, 18 were synthesised by threecomponent reaction of pyridonotryptamines I, aromatic aldehydes II and malononitril. Pyridonotryptamines I were synthesised by reaction of tryptamines (these compounds were obtained by Grandberg reaction of arylhydrazines with γ-halogencarbonyl compounds) with 4-hydroxy- 6-methyl-2H-pyran- 2-on. The aromatic aldehydes II 1, 5, 6, 9 are commercially available compounds. Boiling a mixture of compounds I, II and malononitril (molar ratio 1:1.1:1.1) in ethyl alcohol in the presence of triethylamine gives the target compounds III 5, 10, 15, 18. The product yields 44–75%. The structure of pyrano[3,2-c]pyridones with tryptamine fragment III (four compounds) was proved by ¹H NMR and confirmed by elemental analysis. Compounds III 1–4, 6–9, 11–14, 16 and 17 were synthesised earlier by a similar procedure.

The cytotoxicity of the synthesised compounds III 1–18 was determined in vitro using the MTT test on human cell cultures A549 (lung carcinoma) and HCT116 (colorectal carcinoma). Camptothecin and daunorubicin were used as reference drugs. The value of the concentration inducing 50% inhibition of the cell growth (IC₅₀, μM) was determined from the dose-response curves using GraphPad Prism 9 software. Compounds III 3 (R¹=R²=Br, Ar=2,5-di-OMe-С₆Н₃,) III 4 (R¹=R²=Br, Ar=4-F-С₆Н₄), III 6 (R¹=Ме, R2=Н, Ar=2,4,5-tris-OMe-С₆Н₂), III 13 (R¹=R²=Br, Ar=Ph), III 14 (R¹=R²=Br, Ar=2,3-di-OMe-С₆Н₃) and III 16 (R¹=R²=Br, Ar=Py) showed the best results for A549 and HCT116 cultures. The effect of the most active compounds III 3 and III 4 on the cell cycle and apoptosis was studied on Jurkat cell culture (human acute T-cell leukemia). Compounds III 3 and III 4 showed significant cytotoxicity against the Jurkat line in the resazurin test – 1.47 ± 0.06 and 4.56 ± 0.19 μM, respectively, comparable to the cytotoxicity of the reference drug camptothecin of 1.24 ± 0.05 μM. Based on the flow cytometry results, it is suggested that the effect is manifested by some (possibly reversible) cell cycle arrest in the presynthetic phase.

This work is devoted to studying the role of agrochemical support in the transition to a sustainable farming model, identifying promising areas of research within the framework of this concept. It has been established that agrochemical support plays a crucial role in ensuring global food security. The use of agrochemicals and pesticides has a significant effect on increasing crop yields, improving crop quality and protecting plants from pests and diseases. However, the intensification of agriculture in some cases leads to increased production losses, as well as anthropogenic pollution of the environment and food, which can lead to human diseases, including cancer, infertility, stillbirth, and nervous system problems. The use of agrochemicals and pesticides has a significant impact on increasing crop yields, improving crop quality and protecting crops from pests and diseases. However, agricultural intensification in some cases leads to increased production losses, as well as anthropogenic pollution of the environment and food, which can lead to human diseases, including cancer, infertility, stillbirths and nervous system problems. The analysis of scientific research has shown that in order to create a sustainable agriculture, it is necessary to pay more attention to the development and adoption of alternative farming methods: methods based on the maximum use of biological factors; technologies that ensure a deficit-free humus balance; varietal technologies that allow for the maximum realisation of the genetic potential of varieties; geospatial methods and equipment for the precision application of chemicals to ensure their effectiveness; the use of fertiliser additives (biostimulants, nitrification inhibitors, urease inhibitors) that increase their efficiency and reduce theirthe negative impact on the environment; innovative methods of fertilisation and plant protection that ensure the preservation of soils, environment, animals, as well as the human health and safety.

Citrus fruits are the world’s leading fruit crops. To meet the growing demand and increase the area under these crops, it is necessary to produce high quality planting material. The main method of producing seedlings of cultivated citrus varieties is budding. When using this technique, it is necessary to ensure reliable protection of the joint of the components. There is a lack of information on this issue in the literature. The present study was conducted in the suburb of Jalalabad, Nangarhar, Afghanistan, at a modern nursery. The first experiment (Citrus sinensis L.) included the following variants: 1. binding the scions with polyethylene tape without covering the buds; 2. binding the scions with polyethylene tape covering the buds; 3. binding the scions with polyethylene tape without covering the buds + painting the binding with white paint; 4. binding the scions with polyethylene tape covering the buds + painting the binding with white paint; 5. binding the scions with the innovative adhesive tape “Buddy Tape” covering the buds; 6. binding the scions with the innovative adhesive tape “Buddy Tape” without covering the buds + painting the binding with white paint. The second experiment involved three options for limequat (Citrus Aurantiifolia x Citrus Japonica): 1. binding the scions with polyethylene tape without covering the buds; 2. binding the scions with polyethylene tape covering the buds; 3. binding the scions with the innovative adhesive tape “Buddy Tape” covering the buds.
The study results showed that the binding materials, the method of binding and the use of painting had a significant impact on the survival of scions, the budding time of the scions, the development of shoots and leaf surface on the scion component. In the experiment with sweet orange, the maximum survival rate (91.64%) was observed when binding the scions with the innovative adhesive tape “Buddy Tape” covering the buds, and the minimum rate (77.52%) was noted when binding the scions with polyethylene tape without covering the buds + painting the binding with white paint. The studies showed that the binding materials of the limequat scions had a significant effect on the budding time, the number of leaves on the shoot, the length of the shoot and the survival rate of the scion buds. The minimum budding time was found when binding the scions with the innovative adhesive tape “Buddy Tape” covering the buds, while the maximum budding time was noted when binding the scions with polyethylene tape covering the buds. The maximum survival rate was observed when binding the scions with the innovative adhesive tape “Buddy Tape” covering the buds, and the minimum one was when binding the scions with polyethylene tape covering the buds.

The ampelographic collection of the Anapa Zonal Experimental Station of Viticulture and Winemaking is a research platform for breeding work. It consists of a large number of varieties of different ecological and geographical origin. At present, the gene pool of varieties in the collection consists of 4964 varieties, and it is replenished every year. These varieties and hybrids are used in the breeding process to create new, high-quality varieties of table and wine grapes. For successful breeding work in the ampelographic collection of the Anapa Zonal Experimental Station of Viticulture and Winemaking, variety studies are conducted to find new donors and sources of breeding-valuable traits, as well as resistance to biotic and abiotic environmental factors. This article presents the main results of the long-term work carried out by scientists-breeders at the Experimental Station to study and identify donors and sources of resistance to phylloxera, the main pest of grapes. The objects of research were the donor grape varieties of the selection of the Anapa Zonal Experimental Station of Viticulture and Winemaking, tolerant to phylloxera, as well as the source varieties of phylloxera resistance from various geographical zones. Modern programmes and methods were used in this research, in addition to traditional breeding techniques. The article presents two donors and six sources of phylloxera resistance, gives their brief characterisation, shows the dynamics of the main agrobiological and biochemical indicators for 2019–2021. Over the past three years, the breeders of the Anapa experimental Station have received more than 700 grapevine seedlings of a new hybrid generation, the fourth part of which are parental donors and sources of the varieties studied in this work.

Some researchers have found the influence of sterile cytoplasm on the manifestation of biological and valuable breeding traits in sorghum. In addition, some authors detect the influence of sterile cytoplasm, while others describe the absence of differences between F1 hybrids obtained from CMS lines with the same nuclear genome and differing only in the type of sterile cytoplasm. In this context, the aim of the research was to determine the effect of sterile cytoplasms A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6 and meteorological conditions of growing F1 hybrids of grain sorghum on the main valuable breeding traits. In this work, F1 hybrids were obtained on the basis of CMS lines with the Karlik 4v genome and six types of sterile cytoplasm, and the Vostorg line was used as a pollinator. The studies were carried out in 2016–2018, with different hydrothermal regimes of plant growing seasons (GTK=0.51–1.01). As a result of the experiment, for the first time an increase in plant height during maturation was found in the A5 Karlik 4v/Vostorg hybrid (123.3 cm) compared to hybrids on cytoplasms A1, A2, A3, A4, A6 (118.0 cm); a decrease in the flag leaf area was found in the A3 Karlik 4v/ hybrid (104.4 cm2) compared to hybrids on cytoplasms A2, A4, A5 and A6 (130.3–136.3 cm2). On average, during the test period, hybrids on A1 and A5 cytoplasms produced a higher biomass yield (18.53–18.57 t/ha) than hybrids on A4 and A6 cytoplasms (13.76–15.91 t/ha), but the differences were not significant. At the same time, the contribution of the factor “CMS type” to the totalvariability of breeding traits ranged from 1.4 to 14.0%; “meteorological conditions” of the year – 24.0–58.9%. When breeding sorghum hybrids using genetically different types of sterile cytoplasm, it is advisable to include a CMS line on the A5 cytoplasm in the crossing according to the complex of breeding characteristics.

At present, the yield of barley varies greatly from year to year. This is due to changes in soil and climatic conditions. In this regard, the problem of selecting new source material for the creation of varieties capable of resisting the action of abiotic and biotic stresses is acute. The study of the global gene pool of spring barley under the conditions of the Volga-Vyatka region helps to identify adaptive forms with a complex or individual traits and properties that meet modern breeding objectives. Thus, the aim of the research is to identify sources for spring barley breeding under the conditions of the Volga-Vyatka region of the Russian Federation based on the evaluation of collection samples of different ecological and geographical origin for yield and a complex of valuable breeding traits. The experimental work was carried out in 2019–2021 at FARC North- East. The research object was 26 samples of spring barley of different ecological and geographical origin from the collection of the All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources named after N.I. Vavilov (23 samples) and FARC North-East. The collection was studied according to the Methodological Guidelines for the Study and Preservation of the World Collection of Barley and Oats (2012) and the International Comecon List of Descriptors for the genus Hordeum L. (subgen. Hordeum) (1983). The samples were evaluated for dusty smut on the basis of the scale of V.I. Krivechnko, A.P. Khokhlova (2008) and for leaf diseases according to the scale of O.S. Afanasenko (2005). Drought resistance of spring barley was studied by the laboratory method of VIR (1988). The evaluation of varieties against alumina stress was carried out according to the methodology of laboratory evaluation of aluminum resistance of grain crops (2003) and the recommendations of E.M. Lisitsyn (2018). As a result of the conducted research, the sources of economically valuable traits were identified: yield capacity – 1; combination of high yield capacity with high indicators of some elements of productivity – 15; with the shortest period from germination to maturity – 3; resistance to lodging – 19; resistance in vivo: to the causative agent of dusty smut – 1; stripe disease – 7; resistance to osmotic stress at the seedling stage – 5 and to alumina stress – 14.

The article presents the results of a three-year study of the combinatory ability of sunflower (HelianthusannuusL.) varieties on the trait “basket’s area” by the topcross method. The experiment was conducted in 2016–2018 in the fields of Russian Research, Design and Technology Institute of Sorghum and Corn. The experiment was repeated three times. The plant density was 4.5 plants per m2. The area of the plots was 7.7 m2 (two rows 5.5 m long; row spacing was 70 cm). The initial material for the study consisted of 43 samples of domestic and foreign selection. Three sterile lines (KSP232, KSP228, SE16b) were used as testers.
The meteorological conditions in the years of the experiment were different. The hydrothermal coefficient (May-August) was 0.481 in 2016, 0.975 in 2017, and 0.521 in 2018. Sunflower varieties with high effects of common combining ability (CCA) were identified: 2016 for Veydelevsky, Melin, Krepysh, Fortimi; 2017 – Patriot, Fortimi; 2018 – Sholohovsky, Fortimi. Relatively stable high effects of CCA were found for the Fortimi genotype.
The variety Lubo had the highest dispersion of specific combining ability (SCA) for three years of the experiment, and the Fortimi genotype had relatively high and stable indicators. These varieties can serve as a basis to create hybrids with high heterosis.
Among the testers, a high effect of CCA was observed in YuV16b, and a high variance in KSP228.
The effects of SCA of experimental hybrids varied from year to year. The cross KSP232/Lubo showed high values in years with higher humidity at the beginning of vegetation. The F1 hybrid KSP228/Lyubo demonstrated high effects of SCA during the years of contrasting moisture availability (2017 and 2018). The experimental hybrids KSP228/Krepysh, YuV16b/Svetlana, KSP232/Stepnoy 81, KSP228/Patriot, YuV16b/Fortimi, KSP228/YuVS3 and YuV16b/YuVS3 showed low but consistently positive values under different environmental conditions.
According to the ratio of the mean squares of the deviations of the CCA/SCA, the additive effects of the genes predominated over the dominant ones.

The irrigated conditions of the Lower Volga region are characterised by long, very hot and often dry summers, which are favourable both for vegetables and for the development of weeds. Weed growth is a major cause of crop obscuration, pest and disease infestation, and yield loss. The main objective of the study was to develop an economically viable and effective system for protecting bulb onions from annual weeds under drip irrigation in the arid climate of the Astrakhan region. The results of testing the herbicides Goal 2E, KE and Lazurite, SP based on the active substance metribuzine in irrigated land use conditions of Precaspian Agrarian Federal Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences for the period from 2020 to 2022 are presented. Among the weeds present were: a bluish, thrown-back cheek, milkweed, garden swan, wheatgrass, field finch, common solyanka (kurai), gorchak. Herbicide treatment significantly reduced the number of weeds in the onion crop, especially in the varieties where Lazurite, SP was used.
The elimination of weed vegetation contributed to the formation of sufficiently high commercial yields of the crop. The maximum commercial yields of 88.0 t/ha and 91.0 t/ha were obtained in the variants with joint application of Lazurite, SP + Aminovit.

Most sheep breeds are low-prolific, which, along with other reasons, leads to low profitability of the industry. In intensive systems of industrial sheep breeding, high prolificacy of sheep can increase the efficiency of sheep production. Cross-breeding of low-prolific breeds with high-prolific breeds has been the main means of genetic improvement of prolificacy, while intra-breed selection has been considered relatively ineffective due to low heritability of the trait. Mutations that reliably affect ovulation rate and hence lamb numbers have been found in several breeds around the world in genes designated as “major genes”. Most of these mutations are mapped in genes related to the TGFβ superfamily. Genotyping for these major genes permits the use of a marker-assisted selection method for crossbreeding to introduce useful mutations into new breeds. Mitochondrial DNA analysis, whole genome association studies (GWAS), whole genome sequencing, transcriptome analysis and proteomic studies of high- and low-prolific sheep have identified additional genetic variations with moderate or minor effects on prolificacy. Using information on polymorphisms in these “medium genes” and “minor genes” may facilitate selection work for higher prolificacy within a particular production system. Although high prolificacy is associated with a risk of pregnancy toxicosis, increased embryonic mortality, reduced lamb survival in early postnatal ontogeny, and a high risk of shortening the productive longevity of sheep, the prospect is to identify a set of genes with moderate effects on prolificacy.

The fauna of Yakutia is rich and diverse, but the epizootic situation of the republic with regard to infectious diseases of wild animals remains poorly studied. There are practically no reports in the literature on the study of the microbiota of wild ungulates of the Arctic and Subarctic. The study of the microbiome of wild animals is not only relevant but also informative research, as the microbiota is a sensitive indicator that responds to many factors of the external and internal environment of the body. The aim is to study the microbiome of wild animals in the Arctic and Subarctic zones of Russia. The article presents the results of the study of the intestinal microbiota of Siberian roe deer. The biological material (thin and thick sections of the intestine (lumen and wall microbiota)) was studied. The generally accepted dilution method was used for quantitative counting of microorganisms. Analysis of the results showed that in the studied Siberian roe deer (43 heads), aerobic bacilli of the genus Bacillus dominate in the normal microbiota (wall and lumen) up to 88–100% (respectively), the main representatives of the intestinal normoflora are significantly inferior to them are: bifidobacteria (61.3–68.1%), lactobacilli (36.3–63.6%), enterococci (59–66%), and lactosepositive escherichia (54.5–59%). Quantitatively, the intestinal microbiocenosis of roe deer showed a comparatively high number of bacilli – up to 104 CFU/g, the number of lactobacilli, enterococci and lactose-positive escherichia was much less, and bifidobacteria were registered in a significantly low amount – up to 101 CFU/g. Examination of material taken from the carcasses of dead roe deer revealed the absence of representatives of normal microflora, except for lactose-positive escherichia, which were found in the wall contents. Microbiological examination of the post-mortem material (parenchymal organs and intestines) revealed potential enteropathogens – lactose-negative escherichia, which, were further identified as Salmonella abortus equi, with high virulence to laboratory animals. The conducted studies showed pronounced intestinal dysbiosis in fallen roe deer, which is characterised by the absence of the main representatives of normal microflora along with the predominance of a large number of potential enteropathogens up to 104 CFU/g. The presence of a highly virulent causative agent of salmonellosis in the intestinal microbiota of roe deer indicates their etiological role in the cause of animal deaths. Thus, summarizing the results of the conducted studies, it can be concluded that aerobic bacilli of the genus Bacillus dominate in the intestinal microbiota of the Siberian roe deer and they have the main protective function against pathogenic microorganisms.

Currently, various approaches, including molecular genetic methods, are used to study the gene pool of different breeds and populations and to determine their genetic structure and diversity. The development of molecular genetic methods has opened up new possibilities for evaluating genetic diversity, determining population structure, and controlling the degree of inbreeding. One type of molecular genetic marker is microsatellites. The aim of the research was the genetic evaluation of the Novotalitskaya and Shebalinskaya maral populations using microsatellite markers. Molecular genetic studies were carried out in collaboration with the Bioengineering Laboratory of the Altai State University. Biological material from maral stags (ear concha cartilaginous tissue) was sampled in the branch “OS Novotalitskoe” of the Federal Altai Research Center of Agro- Biotechnologies (Charyshskiy District, Altai Region) and the LLC “Maral-Tolusoma” (Shebalinskiy District, Republic of Altai). Polymorphism in the maral populations was studied using five markers (ETH225, Haut14, ILSTS06, INRA35, and MM12). The number of alleles of these loci was found to vary from 7 (MM12) to 34 (ILSTS06) in the Novotalitskaya population, and from 8 (MM12) to 27 (ILSTS06, ETH225) in the Shebalinskaya population, with an average of 21.8 alleles in each. When analysing five loci, 109 alleles were found in each population. The most frequent genotypes in the Novotalitskaya population are 091/091 of the MM12 locus; in the Shebalinskaya population – 090/090 of the MM12 locus and 103/103 of the INRA35 locus. The heterozygosity of the microsatellite loci varies from 0.00 for the MM12 locus to 0.56 for the ILSTS06 locus (Novotalitskaya and Shebalinskaya populations), and 0.57 for the ETH225 locus (Novotalitskaya population). The analysis revealed a rather high level of inbreeding in the populations.

The principle of a quantitative-qualitative approach, which reflects the activity of the organism while distinguishing its specific and non-specific adaptive responses, includes the requirement for quantitative assessment of specific changes in the body. To achieve the research objective, the resources of integral leukocyte indices (ILI) were used to assess the homeostasis of goats during castration, weaning from dams and transfer from pasture to stabling. After percutaneous castration, the index data vary significantly in a day, and in the month following the operation they slowly return to the level of the initial values. The surgical method of castration of goats acts as an unusual extreme stimulus, as it has a damaging effect on the body for a longer period of time. Changes in the blood of kids after weaning from dams were characterised by an increase in leukocytes by 36.84±2.71%, a change in the status of neutrophils, as they increased by 6.85±0.39%. The number of band immature neutrophils increased, but the presence of eosinophils decreased by 1.75±0.19 times, which is one of the indicators of the presence of a moderate stress factor. The transfer of goats to stabling leads to a sharp decrease in impulses from the skeletal muscles, which weakens the activating effect of the reticular formation of the brain on the cerebral cortex. The goat’s body is exposed to extreme stimuli, beyond the limits of everyday influences, and reacts specifically according to the nature of the activeagent. The most pronounced reaction is to open surgical castration, less so to percutaneous castration and then, in descending order: weaning of goats from dams and transfer from pasturing.

In the studies, hatched eggs from 39-week-old meat and laying hens of the autosex cross “Dominant CZ” from the parental flock of LLC “Agrokormservis Plus” (Pyatigorsk) were used in three-tier cage batteries: “Sussex D-104” (“D-104”) – ♂ and ♀ Sussex, “Blue D-107” (“D-107”) – ♂ Andalusian Blue and ♀ Black-striped Plymouth Rock (PP), “Black D-849” (“D-849”) – ♂ Black-striped Plymouth Rock (PP) and ♀ Rhode Island. The shelf life of the eggs before incubation is three days. All the eggs were marked with a serial number and weight prior to incubation. Incubation of eggs from 144 to 150 pcs. in the group was carried out in the scientific and educational vivarium of the Stavropol State Agrarian University (SSAU) in farm, combined, modernized incubators “Stimul-1000” – six incubation trays and three output trays. Eggs in the control and experimental groups were turned after 45 minutes until the embryos pecked the shell.
During the period of pipping, hatching and incubation, three hatchers in the experimental groups were placed one above the other with a gap (30% of the area). The top tray was covered with a standard mesh lid, while the middle and bottom trays were covered with specially made mesh lids to prevent chicks from falling out. In the experimental groups, on the 8th day, a power cut-off was simulated for six hours and, accordingly, the temperature on the surface of the eggs first increased and then decreased due to the fan being switched off. A short-term violation of the temperature regime for the incubation of eggs of meat and laying chicks “Dominant TsZ” reduces the hatching of chicks and the body index of embryos before pecking the shell, and in day-old chicks it increases the weight of the residual yolk with the yolk sac and the ratio of body weight to the length of the intestine.