The effect of different silicon-containing fertilizers (NanoKremniy, Siliplant, biostimulant “Bona Forte” and sodium silicate) on the growth, development and yield of hybrids of cucumber Byorn F1 and tomato Merlis F1 was studied under conditions of low-volume hydroponics. The studies showed that carrying out foliar feeding of tomato resulted in earlier production and reliable yield increase of 6.5–8.0 kg/m² by increasing the number of fruits by 10–12% and the average fruit weight by 18–23%. Using of silicon-containing fertilizers in the cultivation of cucumber in the winter-spring turnover increased the area of the assimilation apparatus of plants, the number of formed fruits, and their average weight. The quality of the yield improved by increasing the dry matter content and by decreasing the content of nitrate nitrogen in fruits from 382 to 181–230 mg/kg. The maximum increase in cucumber yield of 5.3–6.5 kg/m² was achieved with the use of a siliplant and a silicon-containing biostimulant.

This paper presents the results of an introductory study of three representatives of aromatic plants from the Ocimum genus: O. x africanum, O. basilicum var. purpurascens, O. basilicum var. thyrsiflora. The peculiarities of the main phenological phases, biomorphological and reproductive indicators are studied, the information on agrotechnics of basil cultivation in culture in the Bashkir Cis-Urals (Ufa) is given. The studies of the biological features of the above basil taxa were carried out in 2021–22. in the South Ural Botanical Garden-Institute of the UFRC RAS at the collection site of aromatic plants (Aromatic Garden). It has been established that under conditions of introduction in the Bashkir Cis-Urals, basil taxa undergo a complete cycle of life development, including the formation of full-fledged seeds. Plants grow perfectly, develop, form a well-developed aboveground mass. The studied basil taxa can be widely used to create aromatic gardens, used as medicinal raw materials and in cooking as a spice.

The article presents the results of an introductory study of Allium backhousianum Regel: development features from seeds, phenology, morphometry, reproductivity and reproduction. This rare endemic plant of Uzbekistan grows in the middle belt of the mountains of Central Asia. The pregenerative period is 7–8 years. According to the phenorythmotype, it is a short-tagging, spring-earlylethally flowering ephemeroid. Flowering is annual, taking place mainly in the 3rd decade of May. The flowering phase is 8–15 days. The seeds ripen in July. The period from the beginning of regrowth to the complete ripening of seeds averages 88–92 days. The vegetation lasts 2.5–3.0 months. Mean rates of A. backhousianum morphometric parameters at young generative age over the study years are the following: stem height – 89.0±7.18 cm (71.7–106.7 cm), stem thickness – 0.8±0.07 cm (0.7–1.0 cm), leaf length – 25.0±1.95 cm (19.6–28.5 cm), leaf width – 7.2±0.34 cm (6.5–8.1 cm), inflorescence diameter – 6.48±0.70 cm (4.5–7.5 cm), inflorescence height – 4.4±.,57 cm (3.5–6.0), flower diameter – 1.9±0.02 cm (1.9–2.0 cm). Average reproductive indicator are the following: the number of flowers – 117.9±16.08 pcs. (90.7–164.4 pcs.), the number of fruits – 70.9±9.65 pcs. (55.3–95.0 pcs.), fruiting – 62% (47–85%), real seed productivity – 220±61.19 pcs. (124.6–381.2 pcs.), number of seeds in the fruit – 3.0±0–62 pcs. (2.2–4.8 pcs.), fetal semenification – 48.6% (37.5–76.2%), potential seed productivity – 707.6±96.4 pcs. (544.0–986.4 pcs.), productivity coefficient – 29.3% (19.6–37.7%). The real seed productivity of A. backhousianum is satisfactory, potential opportunities are realized by an average of 29%. Propagation is seeded, mass of 1000 seeds is 5.4 g.

The article presents the results of laboratory studies on the effect of biopreparations Humate 7+, Growth Matrix, Ecorost, Azotovite and Phosphatovite on the sowing qualities and growth parameters of terrestrial and underground plant organs of the winter wheat variety Nemchinovskaya 57. The work revealed the stimulating effect of the studied biological compounds on the initial growth processes of seedlings. A significant growth-stimulating effect on root system development was observed. The excess in the root length compared to the control was 0.7–21.0 mm (102–145%). The effectiveness of the biopreparations on increase of the linear size of terrestrial plant organs was lower. The differences in the sprout length compared to the control were 0.9–3.5 mm (91–118%). The increase in weight of 100 sprouts compared to the control was 0–1.1 g, with maximum values in the variants Azotovit and Humate 7+. The maximum efficiency index was observed for the biopreparation Humate 7+.

The effect of pre-sowing biological treatment of seeds of two varieties (Tyumenskaya 25 and Shortandinskaya 95 improved) of spring soft wheat on field germination of seeds, biological stability and plant survival during the growing season in relation to the productivity was studied. The study was conducted in field conditions (an experimental plot of the biostation “Lake Kuchak”of University of Tyumen) on sod-podzolic soil, sandy loam in granulometric composition. Weather conditions for the years of the study were characterized as dry in 2020 (HTC=0.86), very dry in 2021 (HTC =0.39) and slightly dry in 2022 (HTC =1.0). Biopreparations increased the field germination of seeds (up to 16.1%, variety Tyumenskaya 25) and biological resistance of plants (up to 14.1%, variety Shortandinskaya 95 improved). The greatest effect was obtained in the variant with a Consortium of Bacillus simplex 948 P-1 TS and Bacillus megaterium 312 TS strains. Seed inoculation increased plant survival during the growing season; variety Shortandinskaya 95 improved was characterized by greater responsiveness to the action of biopreparations. This variety obtained the maximum grain yield in the variants with Cytohumate (2.27 t/ha) and Consortium of strains (2.14 t/ha) (28.9% and 21.5% higher than the control, respectively) on average over the three years. After seed biological treatment the prevalence of powdery mildew and brown rust on a natural background decreased. In experimental plots with AFG, Albite (Tyumenskaya 25), AFG, Bisolbisan, Bisolbiphite and Consortium of strains (Shortandinskaya 95 improved), in contrast to the control, there were no signs of plant infestation by powdery mildew. The article was prepared within the State Assignment of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation No. FEWZ-2021–0007 “Adaptive capacity of agricultural plants in the extreme conditions of the Northern Trans-Urals”.

Cereal thrips are ubiquitous, widespread and strong pests of grain crops. Imago and larvae of thrips can damage leaves, ears, flowers and grains by injecting and sucking plant juices. Thrips reduce not only the weight but also the sowing qualities of grain, posing a threat to breeding and seed crops.

Cereal thrips are a systematically and biologically diverse group of species that are difficult to diagnose and study. Morphological diagnosis of thrips is carried out according to the adult phase; diagnosis of larvae of closely related species requires the use of molecular genetic methods. The wheat thrips are usually the main focus; other species are less known.

In the experimental crops in Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, cereal thrips are one of the main pests. In 2020, on spring wheat, their share in the number of insect collections by mowing with a net reached 14 in 2022, it reached 29%. However, the species composition of thrips has not been previously studied here.

In the genetic collection of spring wheat (45 varieties) and the collection of endemic wheat (18 varieties) of the breeding experimental station of the Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, censuses and diagnostics of the species composition of thrips were carried out.

A total of 993 adults of thrips were analyzed and micro preparations were made. Seven species of herbivorous and one species of predatory thrips were identified. The species composition is dominated by three species of cereal thrips: Haplothrips aculeatus, Haplothrips tritici, and Frankliniella tenuicornis. The rarest among them is the rye thrips Limothrips denticornis.

Some differences between thrips species are noted in terms of appearance on crops and the period of the main damage. For the most widespread, closely related and outwardly similar species, the main diagnostic features are indicated.

The results of long-term field experiments on two types of soils (chernozem and kastanozems) are presented. The indicators of average seed productivity of more than 50 species of weeds growing in these soils are presented. The duration of the viability of seeds planted in a 0–30 cm soil layer, the quality of seeds during their layer-by-layer placement in the soil, on its surface and during storage in a dry warehouse is indicated. It was revealed that early spring and wintering weeds in chernozem soils had the highest seed productivity (more than 50 thousand seeds per plant). It was established that these seeds remained viable in the soil from 3 to 6 years (23 species), more than 6 years (20 species), and less than 3 years (only 3 species). In kastanozems soils, the seed productivity of most weeds decreased by 11–26% compared to chernozems. The loss of seed viability occurred more intensively in kastanozems soils than in chernozem soils. It was established that the lowest viability of seeds on both types of soils was observed during their long-term stay on the soil surface: after 5 years it did not exceed 12–15%, and after 10 years – 2–3%, while in the 0–10 cm layer of chernozem soils, it reached 36 and 18%, respectively, and in kastanozems soils it decreased more strongly and did not exceed 26 and 10%. In the lower soil layers, 10–20 and 20–30 cm, higher viability of weed seeds remained in kastanozems soils.

The aim of the study is to establish the age dynamics of the variability of live weight with the average daily liveweight gain of the Kazakh white-headed breed of beef cattle. In all analyzed agricultural enterprises at the age of six months, the live weight of bulls varied from 172.4 kg to 196.5 kg, and in heifers – from 160.1 kg to 180.7 kg, respectively.

According to the indicators of the average daily liveweight gain, there are som e differences between bulls and heifers. From birth to 210 days of age, the average daily liveweight gain was 846.03 g in bulls, 784.4 g in heifers; from 210 days of age to one year of age it was 732 g in bulls and 599 g in heifers; from birth to one year of age, the average daily liveweight gain was 793.6 g in bulls and 707.5 g in heifers.

Bulls at the age of six months generally meet the requirements of the breed standard, characterized by high coefficients of variability. The live weight of bulls in the farms “Zhannat”, “Tolegen” and “Alem” at the age of six months meets and slightly exceeds the requirements of the breed standard by 15.2 kg (8.2%), 13.0 kg (7.1%), 13.6 kg (7.4%), and in heifers by 15.7 kg (8.9%), 8.1 kg (4.8), 13.2 kg (7.6%), respectively. The value of the coefficient of variability of live weight has average values with a slight excess in heifers. It was found that the live weight of bulls in the farm “Kairat” and the farm “Naryn” exceeded the breed standard by 26.5 kg (13.5%) and 21.1 kg (11%), heifers by 20.7 kg (11.5) and 7.8 kg (4.6%), respectively, and belongs to the elite classes. The average daily liveweight gain of young Kazakh white-headed breed in the studied farms varied from 826.7 to 944.2 g in bulls, and in heifers from 711.1 to 887.2 g, respectively that indicates a relatively high liveweight gain obtained in farm conditions.

Biochemical processes occurring in of cattle related to their elemental status. Therefore, the search for models of in vivo assessment of the level of zinc in the muscle tissue of animals is relevant. The level of zinc in muscle tissue influences the quality indicators of beef. The samples of the diaphragmatic muscle weighing 100 g were taken from Hereford cattle bred under typical conditions of an agribusiness sector in the south of Western Siberia (Russia). Elemental analysis was carried out by the atomic absorption method with electrothermal atomization on a spectrometer MGA-1000. Measuring of hematological parameters – erythrocyte, leucocyte and haemoglobin levels – was carried out on an automatic hematological analyzer PCE-90VET. Biochemical parameters were determined using photometric methods on a Photometer-5010 biochemical analyzer. The coefficients of regression models were calculated using the least squares method. The choice of the most accurate and effective model was made on the basis of a comprehensive assessment of indicators of internal and external quality criteria. The values of the dependent variable correspond to the Gaussian one. A high correlation between independent variables was revealed. The selection based on internal and external quality criteria revealed an optimal model for predicting the level of zinc in muscle tissue of Hereford cattle, containing three predictors: erythrocyte sedimentation rate (mm/h), color index and total cholesterol (mmol/l). The model meets the necessary assumptions: the residuals are normally distributed, there are no autocorrelations, and the observations are influential. There is no evidence of multicolleniality between the main effects of the main model (VIF = 1.0–1.1). The resulting model can be used for in vivo assessment of the level of zinc in the muscle tissue of cattle.

The aim of the study was to carry out a comparative evaluation of the therapeutic potency of Estrophantine^®, a drug of the highly active synthetic analog of prostaglandin F_{2 alpha} (PgF_2α) cloprostenol, when goats with hydrometer were twice injected intramuscularly with a 10-day interval in a dose of 0.5 and 1.0 ml, respectively. The objects of the study were breeding goats of breeding age (n=6) and lactating goats (n=37) of the Zaanen breed diagnosed with false pregnancy during screening ultrasound examination. The animals were divided into two experimental groups according to the analogy principle. The animals in the first experimental group (n=21) were twice injected intramuscularly with a 10-day interval in the dose of 0.5 ml (125 μg cloprostenol), and those in the second group (n=22) were also twice injected intramuscularly with with a 10-day interval, but in the dose of 1.0 ml (250 μg cloprostenol). The results of the study showed high therapeutic potency of Estrophantine® when goats with hydrometer were twice injected intramuscularly with with a 10-day interval in the dose of 1.0 ml. After the first dose of the preparation complete expulsion of intrauterine fluid was noted in 81.82% of goats with hydrometer. The effectiveness of the method for a complete course of treatment was 100% according to the percentage of cured animals, and 86.36% and 77.27% according to the frequency of renewal of sexual cycling and pregnancy rate, respectively. None of the 5 (22.73%) goats found to be infertile registered a relapse of hydrometra after treatment.

An Estrofantin^® dose of 0.5 ml (125 μg cloprostenol) was found to be inadequate for treatment of goats with hydrometra. After the first dose, complete expulsion of intrauterine fluid was noted in only 52.38% of animals. When Estrophantine^® is used at the lowest therapeutic dose (125 μg cloprostenol) the effectiveness of prostaglandin therapy over a full course of treatment is reduced by 4.76% in the proportion of cured animals, by 10.17% in the renewal of sexual cycling and by 15.37% in pregnancy rate. At the same time, the risk of relapse is 5%.

Modern socio-economic processes of rural development make it necessary to look at the problems of the agrarian sector of the economy from a new angle. The growing differences in rural areas in terms of social and economic development reduce the efficiency of the spatial organization of Russia’s economy, affect food security and form an environment of focal and fragmented development in traditionally agrarian regions. The spatial structure of Russia’s economy includes both depressive rural areas and quite successful ones showing stable economic growth. This largely depends on the density of the population, the development of social, engineering and transport infrastructure in rural areas, and the differentiation and sustainability of the regional economy. In order to make effective management decisions, the regional and municipal management system needs to develop a methodology for assessing the socio-economic development of rural areas based on the quality of living standards. This requires the development of appropriate management tools, which makes the results of our research, tested on the example of the village of Vodorazdel in the Stavropol Territory, very relevant. The practical significance of the results of the study lies in the possibility of their use by state executive authorities and local governments in order to improve agricultural policy and rural development.

One way of reducing the anthropogenic impact on the climate is to limit the introduction of nitrogen into the soil with mineral fertilizers. This will reduce the release of volatile nitrogen compounds into the atmosphere, which have a strong greenhouse effect. A scenario analysis using the VIAPI model (an economic-mathematical model of a partial equilibrium of the wholesale agricultural markets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation), is used to assess the changes in these markets and in the country’s agriculture as a whole in the case of reduced introduction of nitrogen into the soil with mineral fertilizers. Scenarios were investigated for a 10% reduction in national application at actual fertilizer efficiency levels and a 50% increase in efficiency to the level of best regional practices. It is shown that, in general, agriculture is able to adapt to these scenarios, reducing the gross agricultural production by only 2.09% or 2.85%, respectively to the baseline scenario (which does not include nitrogen application restrictions). Adaptation takes place due to changing the sectoral structure in favor of open ground vegetable production and meet cattle breeding, changing territorial structure in favor of the regions of the corresponding specialization. The decrease in nitrogen application is achieved by relatively few federal subjects, while in the rest it remains the same. If the reduction in the introduction of nitrogen into the soil with mineral fertilizers is accompanied by the efficiency growth, there is an opportunity to avoid any damage to agricultural production, both sectorally and territorially. This opportunity is conditioned by investments and, possibly, state support, the feasibility of which is to be studied within the framework of the project approach.