Along with the centenary of the Institute of Economics and Management in Agribusiness, the Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy celebrated another notable event in 2023: the centenary of the Department of Russian and Foreign Languages. On this occasion, the authors decided to look back at the vast methodological experience of their colleagues – both predecessors and contemporaries, to analyse the accumulated practices, development trends, etc. Thus, the authors have made an overview of study, reference and teaching books, academic and scientific papers written by the staff of the Department at different times up to the present day. We studied samples of published litherature related to the disciplines taught at the Department, which are directly available at the subscription desk, in the reading room, as well as in the electronic library system of the Central Scientific Library of the University. The changes in the textbooks over time, as well as their dynamic development and improvement, have been traced in the course of the research. As a result, more than 100 textbooks and manuals created by the teachers of the department and published from 1956 to 2024 were analysed. The authors have observed the valuable background of the Department’s scientific literature, the original approach to the selection and presentation of material in accordance with the study areas. On the other hand, the study packs have been constantly completed and supplemented with new types of skill development tasks, expanding the range of diverse learning resources in line with world trends, developing new teaching methods.

As a result of global climate change towards warming, the whole world is faced with the problem of producing grape raw material with high sugar content and poor phenolic ripening. To eliminate this imbalance in the degree of ripening of grape raw material caused by natural anomalies, we tested fertilizers of various chemical and biochemical compositions and natural foliar biostimulants. The aim of the research was to study the effect of preparations of different spectrum of foliar action on the harmonization of sugar accumulation and phenolic ripening in grapes, and the quality of wine of the variety Krasnostop AZOS. In the current situation of unstable weather conditions in the existing terroir conditions with the established varietal composition of the vineyards, it is very relevant to identify preparations that can optimize the processes of grape ripening to preserve the quality parameters of wine. Preparations with various spectrums of foliar action will be studied: CAGS complex amino acid-humic fertilizer with vitamins and microelements; Chlorella extract (an amino acid complex from algae, the extract of which is a highly effective biostimulant); Agrumax (mineral complex); Biodux – a derivative of the fungus Mortierella alpina, a biologically active preparation of arachidonic acid; technical red grape variety bred by AZOSViV – branch of the FSBSI NCFCHVW “Krasnostop AZOS”; must and wine from the variety Krasnostop AZOS. Methods of technochemical and microbiological control in winemaking were applied in the work; wine parameters were determined according to GOST methods and original certified methods of the Instrument-Analytical winemaking center of the NCFCHVW; polyphenolic and anthocyanin substances in wine were studied using the technique of V.G. Gerzhikova, Research Institute “Magarach”. Agricultural technology is generally accepted, adapted to the local terroir. Work on studying radically different active substance preparations for the quality of grapes and wine showed that the highest statistically proven yield of the variety Krasnostop AZOS, statistically proven at the 95% significance level, was recorded as a result of application of the preparations CAGS and Biodux; the analysis of wines from the variety Krasnostop AZOS and their organoleptic evaluation allows us to conclude that with the increase of the concentration of the extract, phenolic substances, and the total content of biologically active substances in it, the hygienic value and the general quality of the wine itself increase; the highest tasting scores were given to wine samples from the variants of treating grapes with foliar preparations from the group of biologically active substances: Chlorella algae extract and Biodux.

Lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) is one of the most promising berry crops for cultivation on acid soils in the European part of Russia, but additional testing of varieties and cultivars in the conditions of the Non-Chernozem zone regions is needed. The article presents the results of studies on the phenological and morphological features, evaluation of yield and winter hardiness of V. angustifolium plants of Russian selection (cultivars Lakomka, Neya, Pomorochka, hybrid form NB-60-11) in the natural and climatic conditions of Moscow. As a result of overwintering of the plants in the winter period of 2023-2024 and the impact of recurrent late spring frosts in May 2024, there was no freezing of shoots and damage to flowers. Flowering of V. angustifolium plants in Moscow conditions was observed in mid-May – early June, and lasted for 16-20 days, fruiting was observed in mid-July – late August and lasted for 22-44 days. V. angustifolium plants of the Lakomka cultivar are characterized by the highest annual growth (average 12.9 cm), yield indicators (97.14-182.12 g/bush) and weight of one fruit (average 1.41 g, maximum 2.55 g). The potential of V. angustifolium cultivars of Russian selection for further breeding work and industrial cultivation on unused lands is noted.

The results of an introduction study of 16 species of the genus Dianthus L. in the Mountain Botanical Garden of the Dagestan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences are presented. The variability of decorative traits of carnations and their introduction resistance in mountainous conditions was assessed. The colouring of the flowers of introduced carnations has 5 colors and shades: white, pale pinkish, yellowish-cream, pink, mauve. Based on the shape of the flower, introduced species with fringed petals were distinguished (D. awaricus, D. acicularis, D. andrzejejowskianus, D. × allwoodii, D. plumaris subsp. lumnitzeri, D. plumaris). D. × allwoodii and D. plumaris subsp. lumnitzeri are distinguished by the formation of growing clumps, which is important in ornamental horticulture and landscaping. On a 100-point scale, D. plumaris subsp. lumnitzeri scored 90 points, as well as 3 introduced species D. × allwoodii, D. carthusianorum L. (1), plumaris and 1 local white-flowered species D. awaricus awaricus scored more than 80 points, which are promising for use in ornamental horticulture.

The article presents the results of studies on the influence of damage during combine harvesting and post-harvest treatment on the sowing properties of hemp seeds. It is noted that at combine threshing on the background of increase of mechanical damages in the form of macrotraumas (35%) and microtraumas (22%) there is a decrease in laboratory germination of hemp seeds up to 68%. The main share of macrotraumas is caused by crushing – 8.5%; removal of husk – 10%, as well as cracks in the area of the cotyledon and embryo – 16.5%. Desiccation of hemp crops at combine threshing and subsequent post-harvest treatment reduces macrodamage of seeds by 17% and microdamage by 9%. Indicators of germination energy and seed germination are comparable with similar data from manual threshing and amount to 94% and 95%, respectively. Microbiological analysis of hemp seeds showed significant differences in the quantitative and group composition of bacterial and fungal microflora during combine and manual threshing of seeds. When manually threshed, seeds are dominated by bacterial microflora with a predominance of the genus Bacillus. The fungal microflora is mainly dominated by representatives of the genus Penicillium. Fungal microflora prevails on seeds at combine threshing (310 thousand CFU/g), the main share of which is represented by micromycetes of the genus Aspergillus (120 thousand КОЕ/g) and various yeast species (190 thousand CFU/g), which contributes to the accumulation of mycotoxins and accompanied by loss of seed germination (up to 86%). Application of crop desiccation at combine threshing provides the formation of a microbial community with predominance of micromycetes of Penicillium genus (66%), which allows to keep seed germination at the level of 95% throughout the whole storage period. A significant reserve for increasing the sowing properties of seeds is the desiccation of crops with post-harvest treatment, which reduces damage and ensures the formation of epiphytic microflora, which prevents the development of molds, which negatively affect the sowing properties of seeds.

The review presents information on the biocontrol potential of antagonist bacteria of the genera Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Streptomyces against toxin-producing fungi Fusarium. The harmfulness of Fusarium fungi species complex is that it not only affects grain, reducing the content and quality of protein, its final weight, but also causes contamination with mycotoxins. The ability of fungi of the genus Fusarium to produce mycotoxins is an important factor in the pathogenicity of fungi. Information on the toxicity of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone for humans and animals is presented. Bacteria of the genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Streptomyces spp. show antagonistic activity against fungi of the genus Fusarium. In agroecosystems, the most extensive research on bacterial agents for the control of phytopathogenic fungi has focused on antibiosis. The bacteria secrete lipopeptide antibiotics, phenazine derivatives, and other antifungal metabolites to directly inhibit F. graminearum. In addition, beneficial bacteria destroy fungal virulence factors, produce volatile antifungal compounds, and induce systemic plant resistance to phytopathogenic fungi. Biological control mechanisms (antibiosis, competition, hyperparasitism and induced resistance) can act simultaneously, resulting in disease control and therefore reduced mycotoxin contamination. This knowledge facilitates the targeted isolation of bacteria identified as microbiological agents for the biocontrol of phytopathogenic fungi. Understanding the molecular and biochemical basis of biocontrol will facilitate the development of more potent producers of effective biocontrol agents and a better understanding of the mechanisms of biocontrol activity.

The conjugate variability of milk yield of 1243 first lactation cows with 18 linear exterior traits was analyzed. The research was carried out on the first-calf heifers of a highly productive subpopulation of Holstein cattle with milk yield of over 13000 kg per forage cow. The average productivity of the first-calf heifers for 305 days of lactation was 10093 kg of milk. The relationship between milk yield and linear traits was assessed by calculating the Spearman’s correlation coefficient after adjusting the estimated values of the linear traits to obtain the highest rank of animals with an optimal score. The table of score adjustments is presented. The values of the calculated correlation coefficients for all the studied first-calf heifers ranged from 0.06 to +0.192, which characterizes the relationship as weak. The analysis of correlations in different productivity groups, ranging from 0.109 to +0.191, made it possible to predict possible further changes in the relationship between linear traits and milk yield when selecting for increased milk productivity. It was found that the conjugacy of milk yield with a complex of linear traits (Rear Udder Width, Fore Udder Length, Rear Udder Height, Stature, Muscularity, Udder Cleft, Teat Length) was 1.44 or more times higher than the relationship of milk yield with any of the eighteen studied traits separately. The algorithm for creating a complex of linear traits is described. Graphs of milk yield dependence on one and on a complex of linear traits are presented and analyzed. The advantages of predicting the milk yield of the first-calf heifers by a set of linear parameters are shown in comparison with using a single trait of the exterior. The polynomial regression model with high approximation accuracy (R2=0.9538) is constructed.

The research work is devoted to studying the main clinical, laboratory and echographic manifestations of pyometra in dogs and assessing their significance in the diagnostics of open and closed forms of the disease. It was found that the open clinical form of pyometra is much more common (77.78% vs. 22.22%) than the closed one. Pathological discharge from the vulva serves as a cardinal symptom of the open form of pyometra and allows to clearly differentiate it from the closed form. Common systemic clinical and laboratory manifestations of the open and closed forms of pyometra are hyporexia/anorexia, lethargy, polyuria/polydipsia, hyper/hypothermia, neutrophilic leukocytosis and monocytosis. In the closed form of pyometra, leukopenia, neutropenia and lymphocytopenia are also more common. Complex ultrasound (in Band D-modes) is widely used and highly informative method of diagnosing pyometra in bitches. Ultrasound examinations in B-mode allow to visually determine the presence of inflammatory changes in the uterus (for example, it is possible to determine the dilatation of the lumen of the uterine horns with hypoechoic contents (pus), an increase in the thickness of the uterine walls and/or the presence of formations of various sizes in the endometrium such as cysts). Research in Dallows the parameters of uterine blood flow to assess the nature and activity of the pathologic process. Disorders in the hemodynamics of the uterus in the closed form of the pyometra are, as a rule, more pronounced than in the open clinical form of the disease.

The studies were conducted on Ross 308 cross broiler chickens to evaluate the effect of phytobiotic feed additives based on essential oil herbs (nigella, coriander and milk thistle) on growth, metabolism and meat productivity. The feed additives were introduced in the main diet at a level of 1-2%, replacing part of the diet. During the experiment, the dynamics of live weight and feed conversion were monitored. The end of the technological cycle was considered after 48 days. Before slaughter, the pre-slaughter weight was determined and blood samples were taken. Differences in the studied characteristics were recorded depending on the type of feed additive. There was a 7% increase in the number of erythrocytes in the blood and a 5% increase in the hemoglobin level in chickens whose main diet was supplemented with a mixture of nigella and milk thistle. Broilers consuming a mixture of milk thistle with nigella and coriander had higher levels of protein metabolism and decreased levels of aminotransferase enzymes. By the end of the experiment, the increase in live weight of the broilers in the 2nd experimental group (addition of coriander) exceeded all groups of birds. The highest feed consumption was observed in the control poultry group. There was a decrease in the cost per unit of increase in live weight of broilers with the addition of a mixture of nigella and milk thistle to their diet. The maximum slaughter yield was observed in birds of experimental group 3, where a mixture of nigella and milk thistle was added to the diet.

The state program for the effective involvement of agricultural land in the The state program for the effective involvement of agricultural land in the turnover and the development of land reclamation provides for the introduction of 13,234.8 thousand hectares of abandoned agricultural land into the production turnover by 2030. Renewal of their use will solve economic, ecological, social and geopolitical problems. Existing approaches and measures to expand the use of agricultural land are ineffective in the absence of a favorable situation in the agrarian economy. The purpose of the study is to identify the conditions necessary for the involvement of abandoned agricultural land in the turnover. The article considers the economic theories of land rent and effective demand of John. M. Keynes in the framework of solving the problem of involving abandoned agricultural land in the turnover and reducing the transformation of agricultural land into other categories. which in combination with general scientific methods of knowledge and special statistical methods of analysis allowed us to reveal the conditions necessary for this process: the growth of the level of market prices for agricultural products; the growth of land rent, and the growth of land rent due to the increase in market prices for agricultural products should exceed the growth of land rent due to soil productivity. The economic mechanism of creating these conditions is revealed – the excess of demand over supply in the market of agricultural products, which can be organized through direct and indirect support of the population’s demand for food and increase in demand for agricultural products by the state.

In the modern world, the role of human capital in the stable development of the country’s agriculture is enormous. The problems of agricultural development cannot be solved only by improving the material factors of production. The development of the labor factor based on human resources is of great importance. In this regard, human capital can be considered as a key element for the successful development of agriculture. However, today there is a stable negative trend of the human capital outflow from rural areas, which only aggravates the difficulties of development of both rural areas and the agro-industrial sector. These problems lead to a decrease in the labor activity of the rural population, an increase in social dependency and an extremely low level of interest in the reforms carried out by the government in the agro-industrial sector. To overcome negative trends and sustainable development of agriculture, it is necessary to take comprehensive measures aimed at solving problems associated with the development of human capital in rural areas, it is necessary to expand and develop the infrastructure component of investment. The development of human capital in rural areas is a key factor in the sustainable development of agriculture and the agro-industrial sector. The aim of the study was to determine the role and significance of infrastructure investments in human capital in rural areas. The methods of logical and comparative analysis, systematization of information and processing of statistical data were used in the process of work. The article examines the main factors influencing the formation of human capital in rural areas. Among the most acute problems are the lack of systematic and comprehensive implementation of investment programs and state support for the development of rural areas, as well as differences in the level and quality of life of the rural and urban population. The work emphasizes the need for active participation of entrepreneurs in the development of human capital in agriculture for the sustainable development of rural areas.

Achieving the priorities of ensuring the country’s food security, expanding the export potential of agriculture, as well as maintaining economic stability and social development under sanctions directly depends on the nature and effectiveness of reproduction processes in agriculture. During the sanctions the importance of reproduction in Russian agriculture increases, as the demand for domestic products increases due to the decrease in imports, there is a need to switch to domestic seeds, components and other resources. It is the expanded reproduction that provides agriculture with additional investment resources that can be directed to the development of the industry. To solve the problem of import substitution it is necessary to stimulate expanded reproduction in agriculture through the development and implementation of domestic breeding achievements, high-tech technologies, personnel training, and digitalization of the industry. The article analyzes the reproduction processes in Russian agriculture for the sanctions period from 2014 to 2022 on the basis of assessing the dynamics of key indices of agricultural production and reproduction factors; the nature of the dynamics of agricultural production is studied and the trend of development of this indicator is revealed; the characteristic of the reproduction processes and their effectiveness over time periods are characterized. The results of the study have shown that Russian agriculture, in the period of sanctions pressure adapts quite successfully to the external environment and with a certain improvement in the conditions of the reproduction process can not only maintain the existing trend, but also develop at a faster pace. For this purpose, it is necessary to provide the industry with sustainable investments that reduce imports of agricultural products, increase labor productivity, intensify production, attract qualified labor resources, and greenize production. As research methods, the article uses special statistical methods such as modeling the trend of a time series, analytical alignment and the moving average method, analysis of autocorrelation functions, construction of correlation and regression models, nonlinear dynamic models, etc.