izvestiiatimacadИзвестия Тимирязевской сельскохозяйственной академииIZVESTIYA OF TIMIRYAZEV AGRICULTURAL ACADEMY0021-342XФГБОУ ВО РГАУ-МСХА имени К.А. Тимирязева10.26897/0021-342X-2025-4-112-121izvestiiatimacad-933Research ArticleЗООТЕХНИЯ, БИОЛОГИЯ И ВЕТЕРИНАРНАЯ МЕДИЦИНАLIVESTOCK BREEDING, BIOLOGY AND VETERINARY MEDICINEДиагностика патологических состояний при хронической интоксикации нильской тиляпии как механизм коррекции биотехнологического процесса в аквакультурных экосистемахDiagnosis of pathologies in chronic intoxication of Nile tilapia as a mechanism for optimizing aquaculture biotechnological processhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7688-723XЕгороваВ. И.EgorovaV. I.

Вера Ивановна Егорова, канд. биол. наук, доцент, доцент кафедры гидробиологии и общей экологии

414056, г. Астрахань, ул. Татищева, 16/1

Vera I. Egorova, CSc (Bio), Associate Professor, Associate Professor at the Department of Hydrobiology and General Ecology

16/1 Tatishcheva St., Astrakhan, 414056

lekaego@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8749-6069КрючковВ. Н.KriuchkovV. N.

Виктор Николаевич Крючков, д-р биол. наук, доцент, профессор кафедры гидробиологии и общей экологии

414056, г. Астрахань, ул. Татищева, 16/1

Victor N. Kriuchkov, DSc (Bio), Associate Professor, Professor at the Department of Hydrobiology and General Ecology

16/1 Tatishcheva St., Astrakhan, 414056

kvn394@rambler.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8945-6669ВолковаИ. В.VolkovaI. V.

Ирина Владимировна Волкова, д-р биол. наук, доцент, профессор кафедры гидробиологии и общей экологии

414056, г. Астрахань, ул. Татищева, 16/1

Irina V. Volkova, DSc (Bio), Associate Professor, Professor at the Department of Hydrobiology and General Ecology

16/1 Tatishcheva St., Astrakhan, 414056

gridasova@mail.ruАстраханский государственный технический университетРоссияAstrakhan State Technical UniversityRussian Federation20252208202504112121Copyright © Егорова В.И., Крючков В.Н., Волкова И.В., 20252025Егорова В.И., Крючков В.Н., Волкова И.В.Egorova V.I., Kriuchkov V.N., Volkova I.V.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://izvestiia.timacad.ru/jour/article/view/933

Интенсивные технологии способствуют увеличению продуктивности при разведении водных животных, однако они также порождают ряд проблем, связанных с повышенной нагрузкой на организм рыб. Это обусловлено стрессом, вызванным специфическими аспектами интенсивного подхода. Нильская тиляпия (Oreochromis niloticus), как широко распространенный вид, показала себя прекрасным объектом для коммерческого культивирования, так как имеет высокий темп роста, высокий спрос и рыночную стоимость, а также значительную устойчивость к биотическим и абиотическим стрессорам. В некоторых исследованиях при рассмотрении влияния накопления аммиака и теплового стресса на продуктивность нильской тилапии не уделялось внимание долгосрочным последствиям влияния стрессовых факторов на иммунную систему – в частности, на организм нильской тилапии. Для моделирования воздействия аммиачного азота на рыб был использовался хлорид аммония (NH4Cl). Исследования проведены на экспериментальной базе малого инновационного предприятия ООО «Эко-тропик». В процессе изучения были обнаружены трансформации, обусловленные влиянием аммонийного азота: изучены изменения работы печени, и как следствие – показателей устойчивости рыб. В частности, отмечались типичные геморрагии, которые морфологически сочетались с застойными явлениями в сосудах, дегенеративные изменения в гепатоцитах, некротическая дегенерация и телеангиэктазия эпителия и др. Чтобы определить степень повреждения тканей, в дальнейшим необходимо использование дополнительных количественных методов, в качестве которых могут выступать биохимические анализы. В результате интоксикации аммиачным азотом наблюдалось более чем в 4 раза повышение уровня билирубина в крови. Выявленные трансформации могут негативно сказаться на функциональных способностях печени рыб и снизить эффективность коммерческого выращивания.

Intensive technologies contribute to increased productivity in aquatic animal farming, but they also create a number of problems associated with increased stress on the fish body. This is due to the stress caused by specific aspects of the intensive approach. Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is a widespread species that is well-suited for commercial cultivation due to its high growth rate, high market value, and significant resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors. While some studies have examined the effects of ammonium accumulation and heat stress on Nile tilapia productivity, the long-term impacts of these stressors on the immune system, particularly on the body of Nile tilapia, remain poorly understood. Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) was used to simulate the effects of ammonium nitrogen on fish. The research was conducted on the experimental base of the small innovative enterprise OOO Eco-Tropic. The study revealed that ammonium nitrogen exposure leads to changes in liver function, affecting fish resistance indicators. In particular, typical hemorrhages were noted, which were morphologically combined with vascular congestion, degenerative changes in hepatocytes, necrotic degeneration and telangiectasia of the epithelium. In order to determine the degree of tissue damage, it is necessary to use additional quantitative methods in the future, such as biochemical analyses. Ammonium nitrogen intoxication resulted in a greater than four-fold increase in blood bilirubin levels. The revealed transformations can significantly impair liver function, thereby reducing the efficiency of commercial cultivation.

Нильская тиляпияаквакультурааммонийный азотгистологические исследованияпатологические процессыкультивирование в УЗВстрессовые факторыдегенеративные изменения печениNile tilapiaaquacultureammonium nitrogenhistological studiespathological processescultivation in RASstress factorsliver degenerative changesReferencesАбдурахманов Г.М., Крючков В.Н., Федорова Н.Н. Морфология органов и тканей водных животных: Учебное пособие. Москва: Наука, 2004. 143 с. EDN: QKMWQXAbdurakhmanov G.M., Kriuchkov V.N., Fedorova N.N. Morphology of organs and tissues of aquatic animals: a study guide. Moscow, Russia: Nauka, 2004:144. (In Russ.)Мирзахалилов М.М. Гидрохимическое состояние прудов рыбоводных хозяйств и сезонные изменении их // International Scientific Journal of Biruni. 2022. Vol. 1, Iss. 2. С. 108-113. https://doi.org/10.24412/2181-2993-2022-2-108-113Mirzakhalilov M.M. Hydrochemical status of fish farms’ ponds and their seasonal changes. International Scientific Journal of Biruni. 2022;1(2):108-113. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.24412/2181-2993-2022-2-108-113Привезенцев Ю.А. Тиляпии (систематика, биология, хозяйственное использование): Монография. Москва: Изд-во РГАУ-МСХА, 2011. 121 с. EDN: QKTXFVPrivezentsev Yu.A. Tilapia (taxonomy, biology, economic use): a monograph. Moscow, Russia: Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazev, 2011:121. (In Russ.)Ромейс Б. Микроскопическая техника: Пер. с нем. В.Я. Александрова, З.И. Крюкова / Под ред., предисл. И.И. Соколова. Москва: Иностранная литература, 1954. 720 с.Romeys B. Microscopic technique. Translated from German. Moscow, Russia: Inostrannaya literatura, 1953:720. (In Russ.)Baldisserotto B., Martos-Sitcha J.A., Menezes C.C. et al. The Effects of Ammonia and Water Hardness on the Hormonal, Osmoregulatory and Metabolic Responses of the Freshwater Silver Catfish Rhamdia quelen. Aquat. Toxicol. 2014;152:341-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.04.023Baldisserotto B., Martos-Sitcha J.A., Menezes C.C. et al. The Effects of Ammonia and Water Hardness on the Hormonal, Osmoregulatory and Metabolic Responses of the Freshwater Silver Catfish. Rhamdia quelen. Aquat. Toxicol. 2014;152:341-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.04.023Dawood M.A.O., Noreldin A.E., Sewilam H. Long Term Salinity Disrupts the Hepatic Function, Intestinal Health, and Gills Antioxidative Status in Nile Tilapia Stressed with Hypoxia. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2021;220:112412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112412Dawood M.A.O., Noreldin A.E., Sewilam H. Long Term Salinity Disrupts the Hepatic Function, Intestinal Health, and Gills Antioxidative Status in Nile Tilapia Stressed with Hypoxia. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2021;220:112412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112412Divya M., Gopi N., Iswarya A. et al. β-glucan extracted from eukaryotic single-celled microorganism Saccharomyces cerevisiae: dietary supplementation and enhanced ammonia stress tolerance on Oreochromis mossambicus. Microb. Pathog. 2020;139:103917-103917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103917Divya M., Gopi N., Iswarya A. et al. β-glucan extracted from eukaryotic single-celled microorganism Saccharomyces cerevisiae: dietary supplementation and enhanced ammonia stress tolerance on Oreochromis mossambicus. Microb. Pathog. 2020;139:103917-103917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103917Cheng C.H., Yang F.F., Ling R.Z. et al. Effects of Ammonia Exposure on Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress and Immune Response in Pufferfish (Takifugu obscurus). Aquat. Toxicol. 2015;164:61-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.04.004Cheng C.H., Yang F.F., Ling R.Z. et al. Effects of Ammonia Exposure on Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress and Immune Response in Pufferfish (Takifugu obscurus). Aquat. Toxicol. 2015;164:61-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.04.004Egnew N., Renukdas N., Ramena Y. et al. Physiological Insights into Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) Survival during Long-term Exposure to High Environmental Ammonia. Aquat. Toxicol. 2019;207:72-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.11.027Egnew N., Renukdas N., Ramena Y. et al. Physiological Insights into Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) Survival during Long-term Exposure to High Environmental Ammonia. Aquat. Toxicol. 2019;207:72-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.11.027Fatma E., Khalafalla M.M., Gewaily M.S. et al. Acute Ammonia Exposure Combined with Heat Stress Impaired the Histological Features of Gills and Liver Tissues and the Expression Responses of Immune and Antioxidative Related Genes in Nile Tilapia. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2022;231:113187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113187Fatma E., Khalafalla M.M., Gewaily M.S. et al. Acute Ammonia Exposure Combined with Heat Stress Impaired the Histological Features of Gills and Liver Tissues and the Expression Responses of Immune and Antioxidative Related Genes in Nile Tilapia. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 2022;231:113187.Jendrassik L., Gróf P. Vereinfachte photometrische Methoden zur Bestimmung des Blutbilirubins. Biochem Zeitschrift. 1938;297;82-89Jendrassik L, Gróf P. Vereinfachte photometrische Methoden zur Bestimmung des Blutbilirubins. Biochem Zeitschrift. 1938;297:82-89.Kim J.-H., Par H.-J., Kim K.-W. et al. Growth performance, oxidative stress, and non-specific immune responses in juvenile sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria, by changes of water temperature and salinity. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 2017;43:1421-1431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2013.02.001Kim J.-H., Par H.-J., Kim K.-W. et al. Growth performance, oxidative stress, and non-specific immune responses in juvenile sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria, by changes of water temperature and salinity. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 2017;43:1421-1431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2013.02.001Li M., Chen L., Qin J.G. et al. Growth Performance, Antioxidant Status and Immune Response in Darkbarbel Catfish Pelteobagrus vachelli Fed Different PUFA/Vitamin E Dietary Levels and Exposed to High or Low Ammonia. Aquaculture. 2013;406-407:18-27. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9913458Li M., Chen L., Qin J.G. et al. Growth Performance, Antioxidant Status and Immune Response in Darkbarbel Catfish Pelteobagrus vachelli Fed Different PUFA/Vitamin E Dietary Levels and Exposed to High or Low Ammonia. Aquaculture. 2013;406-407:18-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.04.028Mangang Y.A., Pandey P.K. Hemato-biochemical Responses and Histopathological Alterations in the Gill and Kidney Tissues of Osteobrama belangeri (Valenciennes, 1844) Exposed to Different Sub-lethal Unionized Ammonia. Aquaculture. 2021;542:736887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736887Mangang Y.A., Pandey P.K. Hemato-biochemical Responses and Histopathological Alterations in the Gill and Kidney Tissues of Osteobrama belangeri (Valenciennes, 1844) Exposed to Different Sub-lethal Unionized Ammonia. Aquaculture. 2021;542:736887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736887Miramontes E., Mozdziak P., Petitte J.N. et al. Skeletal Muscle and the Effects of Ammonia Toxicity in Fish, Mammalian, and Avian Species: a Comparative Review Based on Molecular Research. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020;21:4641. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11080840Miramontes E., Mozdziak P., Petitte J.N. et al. Skeletal Muscle and the Effects of Ammonia Toxicity in Fish, Mammalian, and Avian Species: a Comparative Review Based on Molecular Research. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020;21:4641. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11080840Molayemraftar T., Peyghan R., Razi Jalali M., Shahriari A. Single and Combined Effects of Ammonia and Nitrite on Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio: Toxicity, Hematological Parameters, Antioxidant Defenses, Acetylcholinesterase, and Acid Phosphatase Activities. Aquaculture. 2022;548:737676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.07.066Molayemraftar T., Peyghan R., Razi Jalali M., Shahriari A. Single and Combined Effects of Ammonia and Nitrite on Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio: Toxicity, Hematological Parameters, Antioxidant Defenses, Acetylcholinesterase, and Acid Phosphatase Activities. Aquaculture. 2022;548:737676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.07.066Mugwanya M., Dawood M.A., Kimera F., Sewilam H. Updating the Role of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics for Tilapia Aquaculture as Leading Candidates for Food Sustainability: A Review. Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins. 2021;14(1):130-157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-021-09852-xMugwanya M., Dawood M.A., Kimera F., Sewilam H. Updating the Role of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics for Tilapia Aquaculture as Leading Candidates for Food Sustainability: A Review. Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins. 2021;14(1):130-157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-021-09852-xZhang M., Wang S., Sun L. et al. Ammonia Induces Changes in Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase I and Its Regulation of Glutamine Synthesis and Urea Cycle in Yellow Catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2022;120:242-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2021.11.023Zhang M., Wang S., Sun L. et al. Ammonia Induces Changes in Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase I and Its Regulation of Glutamine Synthesis and Urea Cycle in Yellow Catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2022;120:242-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2021.11.023Zhu Z.X., Jiang D.L., Li B.J. et al. Differential Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Responses in the Liver of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Exposed to Acute Ammonia. Mar. Biotechnol. 2019;21:488-502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-019-09897-8Zhu Z.X., Jiang D.L., Li B.J. et al. Differential Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Responses in the Liver of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Exposed to Acute Ammonia. Mar. Biotechnol. 2019;21:488-502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-019-09897-8

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.