References

izvestiiatimacad

Известия Тимирязевской сельскохозяйственной академии

IZVESTIYA OF TIMIRYAZEV AGRICULTURAL ACADEMY

0021-342X

ФГБОУ ВО РГАУ-МСХА имени К.А. Тимирязева

10.26897/0021-342X-2023-2-76-94

izvestiiatimacad-443

Research Article

ЗЕМЛЕДЕЛИЕ, РАСТЕНИЕВОДСТВО, ЗАЩИТА РАСТЕНИЙ

AGRONOMY, CROP PRODUCTION, PLANT PROTECTION

Эспарцет (Onobrychis Adans.): выгодная культура в органическом лугопастбищном хозяйстве (обзор)

Sainfoin (Onobrychis Adans.): a beneficial crop in organic grassland farming (review)

Лазарев

Н. Н.

Lazarev

N. N.

Лазарев Николай Николаевич, доктор сельскохозяйственных наук, профессор, кафедра растениеводства и луговых экосистем

127434, г. Москва, Лиственничная аллея, 3

Nikolay N. Lazarev, DSc (Ag), Professor, Professor of the Department of Crop Production and Meadow Ecosystems

49, Timiryazevskaya Str., Moscow, 127434

lazarevnick2012@gmail.com

Шитикова

А. В.

Shitikova

A. V.

Шитикова Александра Васильевна, доктор сельскохозяйственных наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой, кафедра растениеводства и луговых экосистем

127434, г. Москва, Лиственничная аллея, 3

Aleksandra V. Shitikova, DSc (Ag), Professor, Нead of the Department of Crop Production and Meadow Ecosystems

49, Timiryazevskaya Str., Moscow, 127434

plant@rgau-msha.ru

Куренкова

Е. М.

Kurenkova

E. M.

Куренкова Евгения Михайловна, ассистент, кандидат сельскохозяйственных наук, доцент; кафедра растениеводства и луговых экосистем

127434, г. Москва, Лиственничная аллея, 3

Evgeniya M. Kurenkova, CSc (Ag), Assistant of the Department of Crop Production and Meadow Ecosystems

49, Timiryazevskaya Str., Moscow, 127434

ekurenkova@rgau-msha.ru

Кухаренкова

О. В.

Kukharenkova

O. V.

Кухаренкова Ольга Владимировна, кандидат сельскохозяйственных наук, доцент, кафедра растениеводства и луговых экосистем

127434, г. Москва, Лиственничная аллея, 3

Olga V. Kukharenkova, CSc (Ag), Associate Professor, Department of Crop Production and Meadow Ecosystems

49, Timiryazevskaya Str., Moscow, 127434

kucharaov@gmail.com

Дикарева

С. А.

Dikareva

S. A.

Дикарева Светлана Александровна, аспирант, кафедра растениеводства и луговых экосистем

127434, г. Москва, Лиственничная аллея, 3

Svetlana A. Dikareva, post-graduate student, Department of Crop Production and Meadow Ecosystems

49, Timiryazevskaya Str., Moscow, 127434

Климов

А. А.

Klimov

A. A.

Климов Александр Андреевич, аспирант, кафедра растениеводства и луговых экосистем

127434, г. Москва, Лиственничная аллея, 3

Aleksandr A. Klimov, post-graduate student, Department of Crop Production and Meadow Ecosystems

49, Timiryazevskaya Str., Moscow, 127434

Шевелева

С. Н.

Sheveleva

S. N.

Шевелева Светлана Николаевна, аспирант, кафедра растениеводства и луговых экосистем

127434, г. Москва, Лиственничная аллея, 3

Svetlana N. Sheveleva, post-graduate student, Department of Crop Production and Meadow Ecosystems

49, Timiryazevskaya Str., Moscow, 127434

Российский государственный аграрный университет – МСХА имени К.А. ТимирязеваРоссияRussian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural AcademyRussian Federation

2023

12082023

027694

2023

Лазарев Н.Н., Шитикова А.В., Куренкова Е.М., Кухаренкова О.В., Дикарева С.А., Климов А.А., Шевелева С.Н.

Lazarev N.N., Shitikova A.V., Kurenkova E.M., Kukharenkova O.V., Dikareva S.A., Klimov A.A., Sheveleva S.N.

Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

https://izvestiia.timacad.ru/jour/article/view/443

Многолетние бобовые травы являются наиболее выгодными культурами в системе органического лугопастбищного хозяйства. К таким культурам относится эспарцет, который должен занять достойное место на кормовых угодьях, особенно в современных условиях повышения засушливости климата. В России выращивают три его вида: эспарцет песчаный, виколистный и закавказский. Возделывание эспарцета имеет большое экологическое значение, обусловленное его особыми экологическими свойствами и химическим составом. Он имеет глубокую и сильно разветвленную корневую систему, способную усваивать элементы питания из глубоких слоев почвы. Корневая система эспарцета усваивает минеральные вещества из труднодоступных соединений почвы, поэтому он мало отзывчив на внесение удобрений и может успешно использоваться в системе органического лугопастбищного хозяйства. В отличие от других бобовых трав, за исключением лядвенца рогатого, эспарцет не вызывает заболевания жвачных животных вздутием рубца. Это обусловлено наличием в растении конденсированных танинов (КТ) в количестве 30–80 г в 1 кг сухого вещества. КТ увеличивают количество нерасщепляемого протеина в рубце, что предотвращает вздутие рубца жвачных животных, сокращает выбросы метана и соединений азота с мочой, и это в свою очередь снижает воздействие парниковых газов на тепловой баланс земли. КТ проявляют антипаразитарную активность против гельминтов in vivo у овец и коз, способствуют улучшению использования питательных веществ кормов и, следовательно, повышают продуктивность животных. Эспарцет фиксирует атмосферный азот в количестве до 150 кг/га и не требует внесения азотных удобрений, которые могут загрязнять грунтовые воды и атмосферный воздух. Обогащая почву азотом и другими элементами питания за счет их биологического накопления в верхнем слое почвы, он способствует повышению плодородия почвы. Эспарцет обеспечивает урожаи от 4 до 7 т/га сухой массы при продуктивном долголетии травостоев в течение 4–7 лет, что позволяет снижать затраты на повторное перезалужение.

Perennial legumes are the most beneficial crops in the organic grassland farming. These crops include sainfoin, which should take its rightful place in forage lands, especially in modern conditions of increasing aridity. Three species are cultivated in Russia: Onobrychis viciifolia Scop., O. arenaria (Kit.) DC and O. transcaucasica Grossh. The cultivation of sainfoin is of great ecological importance due to its special ecological properties and chemical composition. It has a deep and highly branched root system, capable of absorbing nutrients from deep soil layers. The root system of sainfoin absorbs minerals from hard-to-reach soil compounds, so it is little responsive to fertilisation, and can be successfully used in organic grassland farming. Unlike other leguminous grasses, with the exception of the birdsfoot trefoil, sainfoin does not cause bloat in ruminants. This is due to the presence of condensed tannins (CTs) in the plant in the amount of 30–80 g per 1 kg of dry matter. СТs increase the amount of non-degradable protein in the rumen, which prevents bloat in ruminants, reduces methane emissions and nitrogen compounds in urine, which in turn reduces the impact of greenhouse gases on the heat balance of the Earth. СТs have shown in vivo anti-parasitic activity against helminths in sheep and goats, improving feed nutrient utilisation and increasing animal productivity. Sainfoin fixes atmospheric nitrogen in an amount up to 150 kg/ha and does not require the application of nitrogen fertilisers, which can pollute groundwater and atmospheric air. Enriching the soil with nitrogen and other nutrients due to their biological accumulation in the upper soil layer, sainfoin contributes to soil fertility. sainfoin provides yields from 4 to 7 t/ha of dry matter with a productive longevity of herbage for 4–7 years reducing the cost of reseeding.

эспарцетурожайностьконденсированные танинывздутие рубцаорганическое лугопастбищное хозяйство

sainfoinyieldcondensed tanninsbloatorganic grassland farming

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.